Effects of Microwave Doses on Seed Exposure

Effects of Microwave Doses on Seed Exposure Abstract A massive increase in electromagnetic pollution since the introduction of telecommunication instruments especially microwave from which the mobile communication. Current research study aim to assess the physiological effects of seed exposure to different doses of microwave. Microwave-induced electrolyte leakage, germination, chlorophyll and growth were monitored and evaluated following seed exposure to microwave from a magnetron of 2.45 GHz, maximum output power of 800 W and wavelength of 12 cm operated at 220 VAC. seeds of Hordeum vulgare were exposed to eight different exposure periods of microwave from 0 to 600 seconds, experiments were performed in vitro. Percentage of germinated seeds, relative germination coefficient, germination rate, germination index, fresh and dry weights, shoot: root ratio were assessed. Germination parameters were dose-dependents, the percentage of germinated seeds were increased after short exposure periods to microwave recording 100 % germination. Furth er the germination rate, relative germination coefficient were also increased after short exposure periods to microwave. Longer exposure periods reduced the percentage of germination, germination rates and various germination indices. Morphological and growth traits showed a similar trend and were significantly decreased after longer exposure periods to microwave. Chlorophyll contents were significantly decreased with increasing exposure periods of microwave. Microwave-induced electrolyte leakage (%) was significantly increased (r=0.92*, p Key words: Microwave, electromagnetic, barley, membrane ion leakage, cell death, germination, chlorophyll, SPAD, growth, Hordeum vulgare L. Introduction The Development of life was influenced by two ubiquitous forces; the gravity and electromagnetism, the two forces expected to have essential role in the functional activities of biological systems and organisms (Balmori, 2009). Previously, microwave radiofrequencies included a few radio and televisions transmitter located in remote area or high places. A massive increase in electromagnetic pollution since the introduction of telecommunication instruments in the 1990s (Galeev, 2000; Firstenberg, 2001; Ragha et al., 2011) (Ragha et al., 2011). These electromagnetic fields can have a deleterious and damaging effects depending on the exposure doses, power level, frequencies, pulsed or continuous wave and the dielectric properties of exposed tissue, the interaction of such electromagnetic fields on various life processes has been focused on different microwave frequency range forms an important part (Banik et al., 2003). Microwave are a part of electromagnetic radiations spectrum comprisi ng frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, further, it act through absorption on molecular level manifesting as vibrational energy or heat and a biological effects (Chipley, 1980; Dardanonl et al., 1985, 1994; Pakhomov et al., 1998)(Chipley, 1980; Dardanoni et al., 1985; 1994; Pakhomov et al., 2001) including various genetic changes. Relevant research suggests that microwaves may have long-term health effects (Lin, 2004). Identification, evaluation and assessment of the bio-effects of microwaves have been complex and controversial, because of the absence of a clear mechanism of the impact and interaction of microwave radiofrequencies and biological systems, there has been a persistent view in biophysical and engineering sciences, that microwave fields are incapable of inducing bio-effects other than by heating (Banik et al., 2003). In recent times, non-thermal bio-effects of microwaves on tissue responses were being acknowledged (Dardalhon et al., 1979a,b; Adey, 1981; Banik et al., 2003). Various research data have offered convincing evidence of non-thermal microwave effects and have also indicated various consistencies in these effects: dependency of frequency within specific frequency windows of resonance-type; dependency on modulation and polarization; dependency on intensity within specific intensity windows, including super-low power density comparable with intensities from base stations/masts (Adey, 1981; Belyaev, 2005; Hyland, 2000; Lai, 2005, (De Salles, 1999; Scialabba and Tamburello, 2002)). Some studies have demonstrated different microwave effects depending on wavelength in the range of mm, cm or m (Kemerov et al., 1999; Nikolaevich et al., 2001). Duration of irradiation may be as important as power density (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015), the effect of electromagnetic radiations could be depending on the radiation exposure dose representing a long-term cumulative influence (Adey, 1997; Galeev, 2000; Lai, 2005; Abu-Elsaoud, 2015). Modulated and pulsed radiofrequencies seem to be more effective in producing effects (Belyaev, 2005; Lai, 2005). Low frequency modulations employ greater biological activity (Balmori, 2009). Microwave irradiation could affect plant growth, development and seed germination (Hamada, 2007; Aladjadjiyan, 2010; Salama et al., 2011; (Scialabba and Tamburello, 2002; Monteiro et al., 2008; Ragha et al., 2011; RadzeviÄ ius et al., 2013; (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015). Low intensity microwave were reported not to affect the plant growth and development but the increased irradiation doses of microwave has decreased and slowed seed germination (Oprica, 2008). The direct effects of microwave on germination of cereals were studied by Ponomarev et al. (1996) where, a wavelength ÃŽÂ »= 1 cm and irradiation exposure dose of up to 40 minutes were applied to barley, oats, and wheat seeds leading to improved germination rate with optimum effect after 20 minutes of microwave exposure (Ponomarev et al., 1996). A study of irradiating vegetable seeds with high power microwave radiations reported a stimulation influence of various germination and growth rate parameters by microwave (RadzeviÄà ‚ ius et al., 2013). The effect of microwave irradiation with a different power on various seed germination consequences of four different ornamental crop species has been studied by Aladjadjiyan (2002). The electroconductivity of leaf extract were monitored and increase in various germination consequences were observed (Aladjadjiyan, 2002). A comparative effect of microwave radiations on germination and growth of six different Egyptian genotypes were assessed using different exposure times, his data supported a dose dependent possible stimulation effect of microwave on growth and germination (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015). The response of barley seedlings to microwave radiations of 2.45 GHz after exposure to 0, 10, and 20 seconds of microwave radiations on four different genotypes (CreȆºescu et al., 2013). Changes in peroxidase and catalase enzyme activities in Brassica napus were found to be dependent on microwave exposure time, seed condition and plant age (Oprica, 2008). The freq uencies of the cell plasma membrane vibrations of bio-objects lie in the mm-wave range, that range is thought to be essential to any living organism. Microwave irradiations induce resonant phenomena within biological system and have a stimulatory effect on biological organisms (Aladjadjiyan, 2002; Yanenko et al., 2004). Most microwave irradiation studies focused on possible biological effects from phone masts and microwave radiofrequencies on animal and human health (Santini et al., 2003; Hutter et al., 2006; Balmori, 2009). The biochemical mechanism by which microwave radiations affect biological systems of living organisms is not fully comprehended and the mechanism could vary according to the amplitude, frequency and the irradiation duty cycle (Monteiro et al., 2008; Aladjadjiyan, 2010). The present study was conducted to study the effect of seed irradiation with different doses of microwave radiations on the membrane electrolyte leakage, germination and growth of Egyptian barley Hordeum vulgare L seedlings. Materials and methods Plant materials Seeds of selected Barely Hordeum vulgare L. genotype Giza-129 were acquired from Agricultural Research Station at Ismailia, Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt in the months of November-December, 2016. The cereal lot of seeds was cleaned removing unwanted matter and damaged seeds. Radiofrequency irradiation treatment Microwave radiofrequency irradiation were carried out using a magnetron with frequency of 2.45 GHz, wavelength of 12 cm, a maximum output power of 800 W, maximum intensity were estimated to be 51.5 kW.m3 by dividing the output power to the working volume m-3. Experimental details were presented in diagram (1). Seeds were first soaked in distilled water for 1 hour recommended by Aladjadjian and Svetleva (1997) to enhance the absorption of microwave energy. Seeds of selected barley genotype Hordeum vulgare cv. Giza-129 were divided into eight groups, each variant containing 30 seeds of (three replicas of ten seeds). The first group represent the untreated control and remaining seven variants were irradiated with different exposure periods to microwave (1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 300 and 600 seconds). Various germination traits were estimated and monitored during the experiment at different time-points; 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 days after sowing (DAS). Based on the obtained results, the percentage of germinated seeds Nk, germination rate Sk (seed.h-1), maximum number of germinated seeds, relative germination coefficient (Wk) were calculated with the using germination formulas by Ciupak et al. (2007) presented in Table (1). Biomass and biomass allocation Shoot and root biomass were determined for Triticum aestivum plants irradiated with 2.45 GHz radiofrequency and the untreated control. Biomass allocation within plants was calculated in g per g (S/R ratio, g.g-1) of total seedling biomass to avoid size effects, and calculated as a mean of three replicas. Data of Biomass allocation and shoot-to-root ratios were assessed statistically in plants irradiated with microwave radiofrequency versus the control ones to evaluate the change in biomass allocation pattern. Statistical analyses Analysis of variance test (ANOVA) followed by Duncans multiple range comparisons were employed to analyse the results of barley after seed irradiation with microwave radiations. Further, correlation and simple linear regression analyses were also performed using SPSS statistical software ver. 22 and Microsoft Excel package 2016 at a confidence level of 95%. Results Seed germination The influence of microwave radiations on various germination dynamics were assessed intensively on the first twelve days after seeds sowings (DAS) in Hordeum vulgare L. plant. Barley seeds were subjected to different exposure doses of microwave radiation from magnetron with 2450 MHz and 800 Watts. Germination indices monitored and assessed are; number of germinated seeds (nk), percentage of germinated seeds (%), germination rate (Sk; seed.h-1), germination index (GI), and the relative germination coefficient (Wk) at different time points 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 DAS (days after seeds sowing). The percentages of germinated seeds were presented in Figure (1A-E) for different time points. A significant change in the percentage of germinated seeds were observed after seed irradiation with microwave assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncans multiple range comparisons. Significant variations were observed versus the untreated control plant group. Letters on figures 1 ( A) to (E) represent the results of Duncans multiple range comparisons, where, different letter mean significant difference (Figure 1). The maximum germination percentage observed were 100% recorded at MW dose of 5 seconds-5 DAS, 1, 5 seconds dose 7,9, 12 DAS. MW radiations observed to have a positive effect on germination at low doses of 1, and 5 seconds (Figure 1) these were assessed statistically by ANOVA and Duncans multiple comparisons. The general trend of MW radiations on seeds germination percentage was strong negative and significant relationship (Figure 3A-E) revealed by both regression and Spearmans correlation i.e. increasing levels of MW radiations caused decrease in germination parameters especially high doses of MW. Other germination indices e.g. germination rate (Sk; seed.h-1) were also recorded at different MW doses and time points (3, 5, 7, 9, 12). Germination rate in the untreated control 0.19 seed.h-1 5 and 7 days after seed sowing while in seeds treated with 1 and 5 seconds of MW the germination rate increased from 0.19 to 0.21 seed.h-1 revealing that not only the germination percentage increased but also the germination rate and speed (Figure 2A-D). Further, early germination was recorded after 1 and 5. Figures 3 (F-I) represent linear regression trend-line for the effect of MW radiation on germination rate, which had a strong inverse significant effect. Relative germination coefficient (Wk) were calculated and normalized to the control germination. Data of relative germination coefficient were presented in Figures (2E-H) at different time points (3, 5, 7,9); respectively. The relative germination coefficient increased after MW irradiation of 1 and 5 seconds (Figure 2E-H), while, Wk was decreased after irradiation with higher doses of MW radiations. Analysis of variance was carried out to assess the different between treatments control and were followed by Duncans multiple range comparisons. Linear regression trend-lines presented in figures (3K-N) represent the linear relationship between MW radiation doses and relative germination coefficient (Wk) after 3, 5, 7, 9 days after seed sowing. Inverse strong significant relationship between increasing doses of MW radiations and Wk. The germination index (GI) followed the same trend with increasing levels of microwave radiations (Figures 1, 3O). Photosynthetic pigments and Growth: Shoot and root biomasses were estimated in Hordeum vulgare L. plants after irradiation to MW radiations. Shoot biomass ranged from 0.03 to 0.42 g/plant-FW where the maximum shoot fresh weight recorded after MW irradiation of 1 second dose and minimum in 600 seconds. MW radiations severely decreased the shoot biomass in barley (Figure, 4A). Root biomass, on the other hand, ranged from 0.03 to 36 g/plant-FW. The highest root fresh weight was recorded at 300 s MW irradiation dose. While minimum root fresh weight were recorded after 600 seconds MW dose (Figure 4B). Whole plant fresh weight ranged from 0.06 to 0.67 g/plant-FW. Shoot, root, and whole plant biomass showed a negative trend with increasing levels of MW radiations revealed by simple linear regression analysis and Spearmans correlation (Figure 7A,B,C). Microwave irradiation induced a significant decrease in shoot, root, and plant biomass in barley plants (Figure 7A,B,C). The behaviour or nutrient allocation was assessed in terms of shoot and root biomass as shoot: root ration (g.g-1) after seed irradiation with MW. Biomass behaviour was allocated toward barely shoot system after irradiation with 1 seconds of MW radiations. While, higher doses of MW induced nutrients to be allocated toward root system (figure 5B, 3O). Leaf chlorophyll contents increased significantly after 1 and 5 seconds of MW irradiations compared to the control (Figure 5A), however, MW doses from 300 and 600 seconds decreased significantly from the untreated control. Plant height was monitored after various MW irradiations doses and showed a significant decrease in response to MW (Figure 5) revealed by Duncans multiple range comparisons versus untreated control plants. Root volumes did not changes significantly with MW radiations except for the 600 seconds dose which showed a significant decrease versus control (Figure 5D) Membrane Ion leakage (%) Electrolyte leakage is a stress-induced injury that commonly used as a measure of plant response and tolerance to stress (Bajji et al., 2002; Lee and Zhu, 2010). MW irradiation with dose 1 and 60 seconds did not induce a change in electrolyte leakage; however, MW doses 5, 10, 30, 300 and 600 seconds significantly increased the electrolyte leakage compared to the untreated control (Figure 6). A strong negative significant relationship between increasing doses of MW radiations and electrolyte ion leakage (R2= 0.84; Pearson Correlation= -0.61; p-value Discussion Microwave irradiation with different exposure doses induced changes in various parameters of barley (H. vulgare genotype Giza-129). Germination parameters were dose-dependent and were stimulated by several exposure doses of microwave radiations. The percentage of germinated seeds, germination rate, relative germination coefficient and germination index at different time points were increased by short exposure to microwave radiations, however, height exposure doses of microwave-induced a significant decrease in germination consequences. Further, various growth parameters were increased by one or more low doses of microwave radiations and were significantly decreased by higher exposure doses. These results were found to be in agreement with (Abu-Elsaoud, 2015; Aladjadjiyan, 2002; CreȆºescu et al., 2013; Ragha et al., 2011). Seed germination is completed with the protrusion of the radicle through the seed coat (Bewley Black, 1994). The subsequent seedling growth involves the e stablishment of the root and shoot systems. The hypocotyl growth is caused principally by cell expansion and/or by elongation. The low power 10.5 GHz irradiation reduces the rate and percentage of germination in radish seeds and increases germination mean time, thus impairing seed germination. The germination reduction is linearly dependent on the MW power intensity incident on the seed. These findings support the simplified hypothesis that the power density on a plane perpendicular to wave direction decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the source. Membrane electrolyte leakage accompanies the plant response to stresses were monitored at different microwave exposure doses. Electrolyte leakage is widely used as a measure of stress-induced injury in plants (Bajji et al., 2002; Lee and Zhu, 2010). According to our results microwave radiation with dose 1 seconds and 60 seconds did not induce a change in electrolyte leakage; however, MW doses from 5 to 600 seconds significantly increased membrane electrolyte leakage compared to the untreated control. These results in agreement with previous results (Aladjadjiyan, 2002; Demidchik et al., 2014). A possible explanation by (Aladjadjiyan, 2002) suggests a hypothesis about the absorption of the microwave radiation energy by the hydrogen or magnesium atoms electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. The energy absorbed is redistributed and it causes changes in the chlorophyll molecule. By increasing the radiation power used for the treatment of the samples, the number of free ions in the extract decreases and hence its electroconductivity, too (Aladjadjiyan, 2002). Studies using patch-clamp method showed that the microwave exposure reduces trans-membrane protein channels opening in cultured chick myotubes probably because microwaves provoked an alteration of intracellular enzymatic processes e.g. protein kinase activation (DInzeo et al., 1988) (DInzeo et al., 1988). In plant cells, the protein of water channels namely aquaporins of vacuolar membranes and plasma membranes are involved in the regulation of water movement dynamics in growth and development of plant cell and in stress responses (Maurel, 1997). In case of radish seedlings, microwaves may reduced water passage across cell membrane blocking aquaporins and causing reduction of growth in a turgor-dependent manner (Scialabba and Tamburello, 2002). The increase of growth rate upon irradiation removal shows that during the elongation growth, the cell can partially repair damages occurred at the membrane level. There is a general consensus of opinion about the fact that MW induces a thermal detrimental effect over the biological system. In the present case, we assume that the damage induced by the low- power microwave exposure is non-thermal because a slight temperature increase (up to 25 oC} over radish seeds has been demonstrated to induce germination and growth increase (Scialabba Melati, 1995). The reduced germination percentage and the delayed seedling growth confirm the importance of a serious cause of concern about the influence of expo- sure to environmental MW fields. It can be stressed the importance of limiting in time the exposure to MW as suggested by the recovering ability of the biological system considered in the present research. Membrane Electrolyte leakage is an essential measure of the plants responses to various stresses. It is mostly associated with the K+ efflux, which is a common response in plant cells (Demidchik et al., 2014). The stress-induced electrolyte leakage is always accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and hence, leads to programmed cell death. Recent results exhibited that reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals) activates annexins, SKOR and GORK genes that catalyses K+ efflux from plant cells (Demidchik et al., 2014). Further, GORK-genes mediated potassium ion (K+) cause programmed cell death under oxidative stress. The intracellular endonucleases and proteases look to be blocked by potassium ions; consequently, the efflux of these K+ stimulates these nucleases and proteases hydrolytic enzymes causing programmed cell death (PCD). Potassium ions could play a metabolic switch role under moderate stress conditions decreasing the anabolic reactions rate and stimulating catabolic reactions, leading to the release of energy required for repairing and adaptation needs (Demidchik et al., 2014). The effect of microwaves on plants was the main purpose of the current study. Since it is a known problem, many other pieces of research were done on this topic. Having seen and observed other projects, we noticed that the major conflict was between whether microwaves affect plants germination or not. Our hypothesis was that they do affect it and, of course, it is well known that they do but it still made a challenge trying to prove it and it was found that every single step affected the results. Since it is likely that other people who did similar projects have done some errors through their study, the results were not reliable and could not be considered accurate enough.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sing :: essays research papers

Maya Angelo’s, I know why the caged bird sing is an interesting and inspirational story. Although it had many unfortunate situation for Maya it seemed she always overcame her difficulties. As I read the book I stopped and put myself in her place. I felt her pain as she was walking down the isle in the church looking for the all colored bathroom, and she had no choice but to go to the bathroom right there and then. Her embarrassment really made me feel overwhelmed as I compared the situations of my life. In my life’s situation I often feel just like Maya. When I walk into a room and I do not see people of my color. I often feel uncomfortable and afraid to say anything . Her brother Bailey was her role model and support system when she was raped. I felt so sad when I read this portion of the story. I tried to visualize the pain Maya went through, but could not conceive the struggle she was faced as raped by her mother’s boyfriend at the age of eight. Maya kept to herself and was not able to communicate with others, It was when she decided to move back to Stamps that she began to come around. Stamps, for the most part was a very segregated town. In Stamps, her grandmother owned a convenient store. Her husband uncle Willie was crippled at an early age when his babysitter dropped him. Maya felt right at home in Stamps. Her abilities to develop through her hard work and educational values grew day by day. Although being black was often time difficult for her in Stamps, she overcame the hardships by allowing the world of reading and education influence her. I felt really connected with Maya during this period of her life. I figured she wanted to learned as much as she could and to welcome the world with open arms. Her lifestyle of strict discipline and religion was the foundation she had in her life. When Maya moved to St. Louis she felt a part of her stayed in Stamps, she was afraid of the changes that were happening in her life. She felt that St. Louis was a foreign country. She often felt the disconnection with St. Louis and could never get used to the different thing that was happening in her surroundings. As Maya went back to Stamps, she welcomed it back with open arms.

The New Left: A Movement of Change

Jordan Hunter The New Left: A Movement of Change Some people have characterized the New Left as an era of youth revolts and radical movements. However, the New Left was a combination of everything that took place through the 1950’s to the mid 1970’s. It was an age that consisted of women and gays questioning their roles and rights in society to African Americans fighting to gain equal rights and ban segregation.Many people in the world today and back then would argue that there is no such thing as the New Left, but how could you not recognize something that changed history and the way the world viewed citizenship, equality, and human rights? I definitely believe that the New Left Movement existed and that all the people and organizations that Gosse categorized with this movement belong there. One of the major radical movements in the beginning of the New Left was African American’s fight to gain all the ideologies America said they were about.In the Declaration o f Independence it is stated that all people are â€Å"created equal† and have â€Å"inalienable rights†, so many people, especially of other races, questioned why they were not as equal as whites in society. African Americans were made to be completely separated from whites by society and the laws it had put in place by using public facilities, schools, businesses, and even transportation to make this happen. As the separation progressed many movements and protests began to arise in order to put an end to the discrimination and achieve equality.The Montgomery Bus Boycott was one of the many protests that took place during this radical movement. In this document Rosa Parks gives her account of how she refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white man and was arrested because of it. Refusing to give up her seat was just one of the small movements Parks did in order to show the world how unequal America had become, even over a simple seat on a bus. This movement also g ave African Americans the attitude of â€Å"Well, let’s fight it out-if it means going to jail then go to jail (4). As this attitude began to spread across the country, so did the rise of many important African American leaders. Perhaps, the most well known of these was Martin Luther King Jr. MLK was about gaining equality and human rights for African Americans, but doing so in a peaceful way; that’s why so many people admired him and what he preached. He led many campaigns throughout much of the 1960’s which began to slowly gain results. One of the major things MLK and his followers were campaigning for was a civil rights bill to be passed.Many walks, rallies, and protests were held in order to get then president, John F. Kennedy, to propose the bill and have it pass. In the year of 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama the climax of the civil rights campaign was reached, forcing JFK to commit to proposing a civil rights bill. However, because of how big and radical thi s campaign was, MLK was arrested and made to spend the night in a Birmingham jail. There he wrote a letter in response to an advertisement from white clergy asking him to shut down the campaign.In the letter, MLK explains why African Americans were campaigning for this and that they wouldn’t stop until they achieved what they had been working so diligently for (13). As a result of the campaign in Birmingham and the letter MLK had written, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The act banned public and private discrimination against African Americans and any other racial, ethnic or minority group. It also banned excluding someone from a job or a public accommodation because of the way they looked or where they were from and worshiped.This act changed many things for African Americans and other minorities’ lives, especially when it came to utilizing good jobs (16). Another major radical movement of the New Left was women’s fight to gain the same rights as men h ad in society. Many women had become fed up with the idea that their only place in life was to cook and clean and only worry about things like her looks and status in society. Most women in America were well educated and held very important jobs, granted they were in a man’s organization.One of women’s first steps to call attention to the growing movement was the publication of Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique. In Friedan’s book she discusses how society has given a step by step guide on how a woman should act, dress, and live her everyday life. She explores how womanhood has lost focus of the equality so many women had devoted their lives to achieving and why women couldn’t recognize that they weren’t being given the same fairness in choosing their lives as men were (12). After the publication of The Feminine Mystique many women soon began to question their roles in society.In the year of 1964, two women, Casey Hayden and Mary Kin g, started a collection of women’s thoughts on being excluded from any role of power other than running a household and catering to their families needs. The spread of women’s thoughts and arguments on every aspect of the growing debate soon began to spark the birth of many women’s rights groups (21). One of the most well known women’s rights groups was the National Organization for Women, otherwise known as NOW. NOW’s goal was to call attention to the fact that so many women had been living a dependent lifestyle for the past generation.They focused on how women could hold jobs on their own, provide for themselves, and have a choice in their sexuality, marriage, and reproduction. Women were beginning to understand that they were going to have to take matters into their own hands and fight for equality since â€Å"there is no civil rights movement to speak for women, as there has been for Negroes and other victims of discrimination. The National Or ganization for Women must therefore begin to speak†¦(23). † The growing debate over sexuality was also becoming a major radical movement during the New Left.Many people were beginning to discover their true nature, but were too afraid to let the public become aware of it for the fear of being excluded from society. However, in 1950 a man by the name of Harry Hay and other members created a â€Å" homophile† group called the Mattachine Society that concentrated on giving gays confidence in coming out and still being an important part of society. Their goal was to unify, educate, and lead people of the gay community and those who were heterosexual and did not fully understand the reason for the â€Å"homophile† group (1).As the growing rate of gays grew, so did their desire to participate in politics and have a powerful role in helping with the movement. America wasn’t fully comfortable with this want, because they had the idea that gays were not fully capable of doing the same job as a heterosexual person involved in politics. Many others didn’t want to see a civil rights act be passed for gays because they believed they should be kept separate from society simply because they were different.Due to this growing attitude of American citizens, the GAA, Gay Activists Alliance, was created that made gays a force in liberal politics nationwide. The group was open to anyone, gay or heterosexual, and focused on the liberation of gay rights (38). The road to gaining equality for gays was very long and took a great deal of time to achieve. Martha Shelly’s speech at the Women’s Strike for Equality rally was a major stepping stone that achieved the rights that gays had been fighting so long for.At the rally, Shelly talks about how one should not be afraid to come out because it may make heterosexuals feel uncomfortable. Shelly urges all gays to be comfortable in their own skin and be proud of who they are; and for all h eterosexuals to wake up and realize that gays do exist and that they should just accept that they do (35). Although I have argued that majority of the groups that were considered to be a part of the New Left definitely do have a right to be recognized as part of the movement, there are some that I do believe have no purpose of defining the New Left.During this movement, so many groups expressed their desire for fighting for equality and freedom, but doing so in a non violent matter. One example of a group that did not act in a non violent manner that helps prove my argument was the student protestors at Kent State University in Ohio (41). This group of students were protesting the Vietnam war, but ended up bombing the ROTC building because it had to do with the army and their goal was to do away with the Vietnam War and anything that had to do with it.However, the bombing only created more violence which went completely against what America was against. Another group that went compl etely against what the New Left was about was the creation of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (22). The purpose of this party was to carry around weapons and roam the streets in groups to appear violent in hopes that it would scare the white society and politics into giving them the equality they were seeking.Malcolm X was a strong advocator for this party and for promoting the attitude that all â€Å"true revolutions are violent (15). † All of this violence was completely opposite of the way MLK and other African American activist groups had been protesting and fighting. Other groups of people that believed violence was the answer to getting what they wanted had no place in being part of the New Left simply because the New Left was all about seeking change in non violent ways and never having to resort to that manner to get what everyone was wanting, equality and freedom.The new Left was made up of several different types of groups, people, leaders, protests, rallie s, and movements; but they all had one thing in common, which was the want and need of equality and human rights. The New Left was all about seeking change and I believe that everyone and everything that did belong as part of the New Left achieved just that in memorable and just ways.

Parenting Styles Authoritarian, Authoritative,...

With over three hundred million Americans and over six billion people worldwide parenting skills are essential to maintain a healthy society. Parenting involves many aspects and requires many skills. It is a time to nurture, instruct, and correct in order to develop fundamental skills children will need to be mature, responsible, and contributing adults to a society. There are four commonly identified parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Of the four parenting styles, two remain on opposite ends of the parenting spectrum. These two styles; authoritarian, and permissive both have deleterious results that are often visible throughout different developmental stages, such as rebellious†¦show more content†¦Unlike the authoritarian style of parenting, the permissive style does not place such strong emphasis on adherence to manners. Manners may be encouraged but are not viewed as a sign of a child’s obedience. Not holding the door for the next person or giving up a seat to an elderly person is seldom noticed or mentioned by the parent. Permissive parents allow and often even encourage casual verbiage rather than formal conversations with their child. Permissive parents fail to enforce some of the simplest expressions of manners. Correction and punishment is seldom given to a child for lack of manners. Children are commonly faced with setting their own boundaries, and making their own decisions according to their beliefs of what is right and wrong. From infancy to adult, people are making decisions all day long. How long to study for the upcoming test? What sport to play? What college to attend? As choices are made, often goals are set to ensure maximum potential are achieved. This process of decision-making and goal setting is overbearing shadowed by the authoritarian style of parenting. Children rarely have an opportunity for open dialogue when and goals are made. As children strive to achie ve the targeted goals set by their parents, they are well aware that nothing less than perfect is acceptable. Failure to achieve goals results in parental disapproval and reprimand. In some circumstances, parents withdraw support as a means of rebuke. This support mayShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles, Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive And Uninvolved981 Words   |  4 PagesParenting style has a big impact on how children develop into adults, and there are important implications for their future success. (Ronald Riggio, 2014) How a parent treated their child will follow the child for the rest of its life. Different parenting styles and their punishments that follow can affect the child mentally (psychological disorders) and physically (obesity). While we all know some forms of punishment is uncalled for such as persistence spanking is not typically just punishment butRead MoreParenting Styles : Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved, And Authoritative982 Words   |  4 PagesG ood parenting is essential for a child’s educational and behavioral success and is a stressed trait throughout the world; however, in different cultures, good parenting can be defined and measured in many contrasting ways. In the United States, parenting and discipline methods have become controversial in the past fifty years, and the methods for raising children have drastically changed in some households. According to psychologist Diana Baumrind, there are four different parenting styles: authoritarianRead MoreDifferent Parenting Styles, Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, And Uninvolved Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay explores the four different types of parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved. The exploration of each parenting style is examined, and the outcomes of each parenting style for the child is learned. Each parenting style has positives and negatives, but overall this essay informs the reader about which parenting style is best linked to success in their child’s education. Information for this essay has been gathered from three sources, the sources beingRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effect On Children Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesthat parenting styles and their effectiveness vary. In research, parenting styles have been split into four categories the authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and the uninv olved. Within these categories, researches have attempted to map the effectiveness of parenting styles and the positive and negative outcomes of each. Despite the eclectic and commonly erratic nature of family structures, practices, and norms, we can start to break apart the authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolvedRead MoreAnalysis of Differing Parenting Styles796 Words   |  3 Pagesthree main styles of parenting widely accepted in the field of Psychology, which are authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. A fourth style, uninvolved/neglectful, is also being more widely recognized. The likes of Erickson and Baumrind have long since contributed to research efforts on the effects of parenting styles on child development. With numerous factors influencing both the parents and the child’s response to the parenting style is can be difficult to assess the best style for an optimalRead MoreParenting Styles Have Impact On Society1096 Words   |  5 PagesP arenting styles have had an impact on society for centuries. The way caregivers bring up the children they are responsible for, paves the way to their future and personality. Children are continuously interpreting the things that their caregivers do. Including messages, body language, conversations, actions and the different styles of parenting. Various parenting styles continue to reflect the different patterns in parental behaviours. These are influenced in their family environments in which bothRead MoreParenting Styles And Styles Of Parenting1391 Words   |  6 Pages Parenting Styles My term paper will discuss the 4 Styles of Parenting, including; the styles of parenting that we as single parents and couple parents may identify with. My paper will also discuss how each parenting styles impacts our children, if it works and the style of parenting that’s most effective. Authoritative Parenting Style The Authoritative Style of Parenting, children are expected to follow the rules and guidelines that a parent with this style of parenting has put into place. ThisRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. inRead MoreChild Development Is An Inevitable Process For All Children1033 Words   |  5 Pagessame time. Child development is contingent on (but not solely) the way in which a parent decides to raise his/her child. A parent can decide to raise a child using one of the following parenting style techniques: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive-indulgent and permissive-uninvolved. With the four parenting style techniques aforementioned, a parent has the power to impact the process of child development. Child development is an inevitable process for all children. A â€Å"successful† child is determinedRead MoreEssay on An Effective Parenting Style993 Words   |  4 PagesWikipedia, â€Å"Parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing.† As parents use the technique to raise their children, they also shaped their value and personality. â€Å"Parenting style considers the balance between two aspects of parenting, namely, control, and warmth† (Ginsburg, Durbin, Garcias-Espana, Kalicka, and Winston, p. 1041). The most commonly heard parenting styles are authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved. Authoritative